265

Transcription Factor Binding Sites  DNA motifs in the promoter to which a transcrip­

tion factor specifically binds. 

Transcription Factors  Bind in the promoter to specific DNA binding sites (DNA motifs,

transcription factor binding sites) and regulate the transcription of a gene. 

Transcriptomics  Analysis of the transcriptome, the totality of all transcripts.

Translation  Part of gene expression that leads to the formation of proteins using an

mRNA and the genetic code in the ribosome. 

Tree Formation Error  see long branch attraction. 

Turing-Computable  All calculations that a Turing machine can perform are therefore

also called Turing-computable. The famous mathematician Alan Turing had considered

and proved, how all possible mathematical calculations, especially of algebra, can be rep­

resented by five basic operations and a very long calculating tape. Of course, this also

clearly defines the limits for formal systems and computability, such as for computers. In

particular, aesthetic, ethical or moral judgments, but also self-reflection and, in mathemat­

ics, all numbers, quantities and concepts that cannot be described by an algorithm (calcu­

lation rule for computers) are not Turing-computable. 

XML (Extensible Markup Language)  Machine-readable language for Internet pages,

used in bioinformatics to represent data as text files.

18  Glossary